Ultrasonic Welding Machine,Ultrasonic Welder,Sonic Welder,Handheld Ultrasonic Welder Changzhou Piling Automation Technology Co., Ltd. , https://www.plultrasonicmould.com
Tool static angle reference system and tool static angle
Although there are various types of metal cutting tools, their geometric features and cutting parameters share common elements. Regardless of the tool's complexity, the cutting portion typically resembles the outer shape of a standard external turning tool. As illustrated in Figure 1-4, even complex or multi-tooth cutters have a single cutting edge that mirrors the geometry of a turning tool’s tip. With the development of "non-regrind" tools, the concept of a unified cutting part has evolved further. Many modern tools feature one or more non-removable cutting edges, as shown in Figure 1-5.
To define the basic structure of a cutting tool, most discussions and studies are based on the external turning tool, which serves as a fundamental reference. This approach allows for a consistent understanding of tool geometry across different designs.
Figure 1-4: Shape of the cutting part of various tools
Figure 1-5: Cutting part of a non-removable tool
**1. The Composition of a Turning Tool**
A turning tool consists of two main parts: the tool holder and the cutter head. The tool holder is the part that clamps the tool into place, while the cutter head is responsible for the actual cutting process. The cutting part includes several key components:
1. **Rake face (Aγ)** – The surface along which the chip flows during cutting.
2. **Main flank face (Aα)** – Opposite to the transition surface of the workpiece.
3. **Secondary flank face (Aα′)** – Opposite to the machined surface on the workpiece.
4. **Main cutting edge (S)** – The edge where the rake face meets the main flank face, responsible for removing most of the material.
5. **Secondary cutting edge (S′)** – The edge where the rake face meets the secondary flank face, working together with the main edge to finish the machining process.
6. **Tip** – A small section at the intersection of the main and secondary cutting edges.
**2. The Tool Static Angle Reference System and Its Coordinate Planes**
The cutting part of a tool is a three-dimensional structure made up of the rake face, flank faces, cutting edges, and the tip. To determine the spatial orientation of these elements, a reference system is used. There are two main types of reference systems: one for static angles and another for working angles. Here, we focus on the static angle reference system.
**(A) Tool Static Angle Reference System**
This system is used to define the geometric parameters of the cutting part for design, manufacturing, sharpening, and measurement. It is based on assumed conditions:
1. The motion conditions assume that the feed motion is not considered, and the main motion vector is used instead.
2. The installation conditions assume that the tool is mounted such that the reference plane is perpendicular or parallel to the tool’s base, and the tool holder is aligned perpendicular to the feed direction.
These assumptions simplify the cutting motion and allow for a standardized reference frame.
**(B) Coordinate Planes of the Static Reference System**
As a spatial reference system, it requires three coordinate planes: the base plane (Pr), the cutting plane (Ps), and the edge profile plane. These planes help define the position and orientation of the cutting elements.
1. **Base Plane (Pr)** – A plane perpendicular to the main motion direction at a selected point on the cutting edge. For example, for a turning tool, this plane is parallel to the shank’s bottom surface.
2. **Cutting Plane (Ps)** – A plane tangential to the cutting edge and perpendicular to the base plane. It represents the main cutting direction.
3. **Edge Profile Plane** – This can be one of four commonly used planes:
- **Orthogonal Plane (Po)** – Perpendicular to both the base and cutting planes.
- **Normal Plane (Pn)** – Perpendicular to the cutting edge.
- **Work Plane (Pf)** – Parallel to the feed direction and perpendicular to the base plane.
- **Back Plane (Pp)** – Perpendicular to both the work plane and the base plane.
Each combination of these planes forms a specific reference system, such as the orthogonal plane system (Pr–Ps–Po), the normal plane system (Pr–Ps–Pn), the work plane system (Pr–Ps–Pf), or the back plane system (Pr–Ps–Pp). Similar planes apply to the secondary cutting edge, with appropriate notation like Po′ to distinguish them.